|
フランス語:Victor Marie Hugo (;〔("Hugo" ). ''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary''.〕 ; 26 February 1802 – 22 May 1885) was a French poet, novelist, and dramatist of the Romantic movement. He is considered one of the greatest and best-known French writers. In France, Hugo's literary fame comes first from his poetry and then from his novels and his dramatic achievements. Among many volumes of poetry, ''フランス語:Les Contemplations'' and ''フランス語:La Légende des siècles'' stand particularly high in critical esteem. Outside France, his best-known works are the novels ''フランス語:Les Misérables'', 1862, and ''フランス語:Notre-Dame de Paris'', 1831 (known in English as ''The Hunchback of Notre-Dame''). He also produced more than 4,000 drawings, which have since been admired for their beauty, and earned widespread respect as a campaigner for social causes such as the abolition of capital punishment. Though a committed royalist when he was young, Hugo's views changed as the decades passed, and he became a passionate supporter of republicanism;〔("Victor Hugo" ) Retrieved 22 June 2015〕 his work touches upon most of the political and social issues and the artistic trends of his time. He is buried in the フランス語:Panthéon. His legacy has been honoured in many ways, including his portrait being placed on French franc banknotes. ==Personal life== Hugo was the third son of フランス語:Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo (1774–1828) and フランス語:Sophie Trébuchet (1772–1821); his brothers were フランス語:Abel Joseph Hugo (1798–1855) and フランス語:Eugène Hugo (1800–1837). He was born in 1802 in フランス語:Besançon in the western region of フランス語:Franche-Comté. Hugo was a freethinking republican who considered Napoleon a hero; his mother was a Catholic Royalist who was intimately involved with her possible lover General フランス語:Victor Lahorie, who was executed in 1812 for plotting against Napoleon. Hugo's childhood was a period of national political turmoil. Napoleon was proclaimed Emperor of the French two years after Hugo's birth, and the Bourbon Monarchy was restored before his 18th birthday. The opposing political and religious views of Hugo's parents reflected the forces that would battle for supremacy in France throughout his life: Hugo's father was a high-ranking officer in Napoleon's army until he failed in Spain (one of the reasons why his name is not present on the ''フランス語:Arc de Triomphe''). Since Hugo's father was an officer, the family moved frequently and Hugo learned much from these travels. On a childhood family trip to Naples, Hugo saw the vast Alpine passes and the snowy peaks, the magnificently blue Mediterranean, and Rome during its festivities. Though he was only five years old at the time, he remembered the six-month-long trip vividly. They stayed in Naples for a few months and then headed back to Paris. At the beginning of her marriage, Hugo's mother Sophie followed her husband to posts in Italy (where フランス語:Léopold served as a governor of a province near Naples) and Spain (where he took charge of three Spanish provinces). Weary of the constant moving required by military life, and at odds with her husband's lack of Catholic beliefs, Sophie separated temporarily from フランス語:Léopold in 1803 and settled in Paris with her children. Thereafter she dominated Hugo's education and upbringing. As a result, Hugo's early work in poetry and fiction reflect her passionate devotion to both King and Faith. It was only later, during the events leading up to France's 1848 Revolution, that he would begin to rebel against his Catholic Royalist education and instead champion Republicanism and Freethought. Young Victor fell in love and, against his mother's wishes, became secretly engaged to his childhood friend フランス語:Adèle Foucher (1803–1868). Because of his close relationship with his mother, Hugo waited until after his mother's death (in 1821) to marry フランス語:Adèle in 1822. Adèle and Victor Hugo had their first child, フランス語:Léopold, in 1823, but the boy died in infancy. The following year, on 28 August 1824, the couple's second child, フランス語:Léopoldine was born, followed by Charles on 4 November 1826, フランス語:François-Victor on 28 October 1828, and フランス語:Adèle on 24 August 1830. Hugo's oldest and favourite daughter, フランス語:Léopoldine, died at age 19 in 1843, shortly after her marriage to フランス語:Charles Vacquerie. On 4 September 1843, she drowned in the Seine at フランス語:Villequier, pulled down by her heavy skirts, when a boat overturned. Her young husband also died trying to save her. The death left her father devastated; Hugo was travelling with his mistress at the time in the south of France, and first learned about フランス語:Léopoldine's death from a newspaper he read in a café.〔''フランス語:Victor Hugo, tome 1: Je suis une force qui va'' by Max Gallo, pub. フランス語:Broché (2001)〕 He describes his shock and grief in his famous poem ''フランス語:À Villequier'': Hélas ! vers le passé tournant un œil d'envie, Sans que rien ici-bas puisse m'en consoler, Je regarde toujours ce moment de ma vie Où je l'ai vue ouvrir son aile et s'envoler! Je verrai cet instant jusqu'à ce que je meure, L'instant, pleurs superflus ! Où je criai : L'enfant que j'avais tout à l'heure, Quoi donc ! je ne l'ai plus ! Alas! turning an envious eye towards the past, inconsolable by anything on earth, I keep looking at that moment of my life when I saw her open her wings and fly away! I will see that instant until I die, that instant—too much for tears! when I cried out: "The child that I had just now— what! I don't have her any more!" He wrote many poems afterwards about his daughter's life and death, and at least one biographer claims he never completely recovered from it. His most famous poem is probably ''フランス語:Demain, dès l'aube'', in which he describes visiting her grave. Hugo decided to live in exile after Napoleon III's . After leaving France, Hugo lived in Brussels briefly in 1851, before moving to the Channel Islands, first to Jersey (1852–1855) and then to the smaller island of Guernsey in 1855, where he stayed until 1870. Although Napoleon III proclaimed a general amnesty in 1859, under which Hugo could have safely returned to France, the author stayed in exile, only returning when Napoleon III was forced from power as a result of the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. After the Siege of Paris from 1870 to 71, Hugo lived again in Guernsey from 1872 to 1873, before finally returning to France for the remainder of his life. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Victor Hugo」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|